【札记】教你变富

2 years ago 14 minutes read (About 2166 words)

本文是 I Will Teach You to Be Rich 的笔记。如果在美国生活居住，这本书是很好的入门理财书，可以用来作为初阶指南。

基于2019年的第二版
原笔记发布于 2019-06-20

Credit Card

信用分高可以降低贷款利率。根据信用分的组成来相应地采取措施使得整体分数提高。

Keep main cards for a long time and keep them active
- 将所有的 subscription 转移到一张卡上。
- Request a credit limit increase every six to twelve months. (Crdit limit 对信用分的影响有 30%)
每年有一次免费获取信用分的机会。@Annualcreaditreport.com
Track calls to financial companies.
剩余的部分都在讲 Debt 和利率，因为我每个月都还全款，所以不存在这些问题。

Banks

Checking Account 是入口，所有的收入应该首先到这个账户里，然后再分配。
用信用卡来付账单，如果用不了，直接从 Checking Account 里面划账出去。
Saving Account 比 Checking Account 多了利息。
推荐 Checking 和 Saving 在两个不同的银行。这样可以在心理上使得你区分两者，避免从 Saving 里面取钱。流程也变得更加麻烦（好事）。
Credit Union 是本地银行，不盈利，由顾客所有，服务会更好。
银行靠贷款收利息来挣钱。同时向客户收取大量手续费来赚钱。好的银行不应该收手续费或者收较少的手续费。
推荐的银行
- Checking
  - Schwab Bank Investor Checking (https://www.uscreditcardguide.com/charles-schwab-visa-platinum-debit-card-no-atm-fee-wordwide/) with Schwab One Brokerage Account
    - No fees, no minimums, no-fee overdraft protection, free bill pay, free checks, an ATM card, automatic transfer and unlimited reimbursement of any ATM usage.
    - Although you need to open a Schwab brokerage (investment) account to get all fees waived, you don’t actually need to use the investment account.
    - 似乎需要一个 HP
- Saving
  - Capital One 360 Saving
    - It lets you create virtual sub-savings accounts, in which you can specify savings goals like an emergency fund, wedding, or down payment for a house.
  - 个人倾向于开 Discover，但是 NRA 不容易开，必须到网店。

Get ready to Invest

关于投资的理论介绍。强调复利的作用。尽早开投资账户，可以操作股票。

个人理财的步骤：

雇主 match 401k，full match
还清 debt （不存在）
开 Roth IRA（收入少于120000，每年最多 5500）
还剩，再投资 401k
HSA
开出退休账户的其他投资账户

401k

退休账户，59.5 岁之后才能取出
和雇主确认 paycheck 的一部分直接转入 401k
pretax money，转入不收税，取出的时候再收税，这样滚利的本金更多
雇主会 match. Google offers a 50% 401k match up to $8,250.
每年有限额，但是雇主的 match 不算在限额里。
退休之前取出，10% penalty
换工作怎么办
- move it to an IRA(preferred)
- old 401k to new 401k
- leave you money at your current company
- cash out

Roth 401k

some companies offer
after-tax, if you think the tax rates is higher in the future, it’s great
no income restrictions
can roll over to a Roth IRA

Roth IRA

更多投资选择：index funds, individual stocks…401k 比较局限
after-tax，只对本金收税，利息不收税
取本金不会有惩罚，但取赚到的利息会有。房子首付或者教育资金用的钱不收罚金（账号起码五年）。
income restriction，不能超过一定数额
开 Roth IRA
- 先要开一个投资账户
- 推荐 Vanguard

HSA

Health Saving Account
Contribute tax-free money, take a tax deduction, grow it tax-free
Must have a high-deductible health plan
How it works
- 存钱
- get a debit card for qualified medical expenses including bandages, chiropractors, eye exams and glasses and prescriptions…
- Tax free payment
- 作为投资账户，be sure to open low-cost funds, ideally a target date fund
- 65岁之后，这些钱可以用于任何用途

Conscious Spending

每月收入该投资投资该存存，然后剩下来的钱用在自己最重要的项目，想花多少都行，不用有负罪感。

Plan：钱被分成四类

fixed costs: rent, utilities, debt… 50-60%
- 房租，水电费，车，交通，超市食杂费，衣服
- 在这些基础上加15%作为额外支出
investment: 401k, Roth IRA… 10%(after tax, 但是包括401k)
saving: Vacations, gifts, house down payment, emergency fund… 5-10%
- check zillow for house price
guilt-free spending money: dining out, drinking, movies, clothes, shoes… 20-35%

Envelope system: 把钱分到固定的信封，用完即止（和 budget 有什么区别？）

Save while sleeping

自动化理财流程

最好把所有bill设置在同一天，方便管理

1号，工资到手
2号，401k
5号，checking to saving and Roth automatically
7号，付清所有 bill，付清信用卡

The myth of financial expertise

理论上说明那些基金经理其实都没什么用。不操作比瞎操作反而好。

Active vs Passive Management

Mutual funds - collection of different investments like stocks or bonds. Try to pick the best ones.
- Usually they fail to beat the market
- high fee
Index funds
- replace portfolio managers with computers
- pick the same stock an index holds(S&P 500, NASDAQ…)
- lower fee
- long term, the overall stock market has consistently returned about 8 percent after inflaction

Investing

Goal: Choose investments, pay less in fees and get superior performance.

投资自动化，每月都打钱，不管市场如何。即使市场不好的时候也要继续投资。

FI: Financially independent 钱生钱，直到某一个拐点，不需要依靠工作收入了。
RE: Retire early
- Lean FIRE 过得很拮据
- FatFire 享乐型

投资方案：

Asset allocation, the way you distribute the investments in your portfolio between stocks, bonds, and cash. Control the fish.
Asset allocation is the most significant part of the portfolio 年轻的时候股票占比多，随年龄加大债券的比重。股票的类别也要多元化。
stock
- 高风险高收益，散户不建议
Bonds
- 有时长，收益是固定的
- 稳定，低风险
- 越有钱越喜欢债券
Cash
Mutual Funds
- 方便，fees，不是很可靠
- 股票组合，按公司大小分，按公司类别分
- 401k 里有 mutual funds
Index funds
- 也要保障多样化，保证一个比例，need to rebalance regularly, usually every twelve to eighteen months. 停止继续往过多的部分加钱，补充不挣钱的部分直到重新平衡
- 选择低费用的，一般来说0.2%
- 研究过往收益
Target Date Funds
- 设置一个退休日期，自动为你 rebalance
- funds of funds

投资渠道：

401k
- few investments funds offered
- options like aggressive investments/balanced investments/conservative investments
- stay away from money market funds(like cash)
Roth IRA
- 光给 Roth IRA 打钱是不够的，一定要买入
- target date funds or index funds
自己配置
- 30% Domestic equities: US stock funds, including small- mid- large-cap stocks
- 15% developed-world international equities: funds from foreign countries, UK, Germany, France
- 5% emerging-market equities: like china
- 20% real estate investment truest: REITs invest in mortgages and residential and commercial real estate
- 15% Government binds
- 15% Treasure inflaction-protected securities: TIPS
  模型来自：《Unconventional Success》

Other investment

real estate
- 回报低，维护成本高
艺术品
- 风险高
比特币

Maintain and grow your system
The Annual Financial Checklist

A rich life

买车

买车需要考虑的因素
- Reliability
- A car you love
- Resale value @kkb.com
- Insurance: the rate for a new and used one can be different
- 耗油量
- 首付
- 利率
买车的 Do 和 Don’t
- calculate total cost of ownership(maintenance, gas, insurance and resale value
- buy a car last at least 10 years
- don’t lease，除非
  - 追求新车，愿意付钱
  - 商人，租车有税收方面的好处
- don’t sell it in fewer than seven years
- don’t assume have to buy a used car
- don’t stretch budget for a car
Use fightingchance.com () to get information about car
average car is driven about 15000 mils per year. Maintenance schedule

买房

20% 的首付，月供不仅是贷款，还有 property taxes, insurance and maintenance fees(hundreds per month)
第一套房子不会太好
起码住十年
中介会收大概 6% 的手续费
月供是固定的，风险更大，还有机会成本，导致资金分布不均衡，作者其实不推荐买房。
The cost of buying a house
- purchase price
- down payment(10%)
- closing costs
- private mortgage insurance
- interest
- taxes & insurance
- maintenance
- major repairs & improvements
NYT online calculator:is it better to rent or buy (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/buy-rent-calculator.html)
Tips for buying a house
- 信用分越高越好
- 首付越多越好
- 算一下总费用
- 最保守的贷款方案（30 years flexed rate loan)
- 有些地方有羊毛（比如公司）
- online services。zillow.com，redfin.com，trulia.com，insure.com
买房迷思
- 房价总是涨。不一定，而且有机会成本。
- 用杠杆赚钱。房价明面上涨了，但是其他费用没有算进去。
- 降低税率。省钱但是花更多钱，2018税改降低了这个优势。